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NONNV:NN*NSv^y#Wve,gSZPNvQNv^ &T[0{kRNN/fُNgzO[V[NCg-NvN*N0vQNWvۏek'`vSi_NSO[ُNV[{kRv0WMONuq_T0 N,gfNv,{NHr:NOnc _[gؚlbvS[abXT:N VElvSU\>f:yN^d{kRvVEĉRveSNvQs0NNZWc:N _[[l^S_9hncVEĉRv|^yNNʑ ^S_[^{kRݏS[l0[79]FOf:N~8^v`Q/f OYu{kRV[vl[T?e^[XT[yVElv^ Nybk{kR0ُN‰p/fv V:Ns(W\я70*NV[SVElv~_g N_(u{kR _N N_Q!kb` Y{kR0 ُ/fNNReQN3*N^d{kRv[fNKNN b 02mNCglQ~ 0v~g0_NNN`VE`N`l Nybk{kR0ُN6q/fcknxv FOV[[vR0VEĉRSU\vRTVEW,gNSNy2008t^QHr 1u HYPERLINK "http://law.hit.edu.cn/zhf/" \t "_blank"  HYPERLINK "http://law.hit.edu.cn/zhf/" \t "_blank" uwm\04TSf9N0 HYPERLINK "http://law.hit.edu.cn/sjq/" \t "_blank"  HYPERLINK "http://law.hit.edu.cn/sjq/" \t "_blank" [eP:_0 HYPERLINK "http://law.hit.edu.cn/ljz/" \t "_blank"  HYPERLINK "http://law.hit.edu.cn/ljz/" \t "_blank" Ngvfsы  HYPERLINK "http://law.hit.edu.cn/zhf/" \t "_blank"  HYPERLINK "http://law.hit.edu.cn/zhf/" \t "_blank" uwm\[!h0 [2] Victor Hugo, Ecrirts sur la peine de mort, Avignon: Actes Sud, 1979. [3] 10t^Ql ggbL{kRv:NN[ Nv^d{kR0 N T  βββΆjjjQjQQ0h:[h:[>*B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph6jh:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJU^JaJph-h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph)h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^Jph6jh:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJU^JaJph-h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph3h:[h:[5B* CJKHOJQJ\^JaJph3 < :Xp @bP8\Rn $dP1$a$gd:[ $1$a$gd:[ $dP1$a$gd:[R t  HN$JP.6x"$Dn!~!!!t"|"|#######%%&.'0'@'εεεεεεεεεεεεεεεε<h:[h:[56>*B*CJKHOJQJ\]^JaJph0h:[h:[>*B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph-h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph3h:[h:[6B*CJKHOJQJ]^JaJph; $(),-003t35b8:`;L>B@ADBGITKLOBRTVV6[[\ $dP1$a$gd:[@'(0(2(B((())")*)8)@)V)f)++&,.,--&...J.X... //d/l/0011111122*222&3.3334 4444555p6x6d7t7x7777X8`8t88999.990h:[h:[>*B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph3h:[h:[6B*CJKHOJQJ]^JaJph-h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJphG99 :(:f:t:::";*;V;^;;;X=`===>>>$>>>F>>>L?T???B@R@z@@@@@AAAXBhBBBBCXC`ClCCCDDDtEEEEFFF(FG G8G@GHHHI*J2JJжжжжжжжжжж3h:[h:[6B*CJKHOJQJ]^JaJph-h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph0h:[h:[>*B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJphHJJJJJJKRKKKLL@LHLLLMMNNRSSSVVVVVVWжжжж~b6jEh:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJU^JaJph0h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJphy(<h:[h:[56>*B*CJKHOJQJ\]^JaJph3h:[h:[6B*CJKHOJQJ]^JaJph-h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph0h:[h:[>*B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJphWWXXnXpXvXxXXXXXZY\YbYdYfYhYYY>Z@ZFZHZLZNZZZ$[&[,[.[6[<[X[[[[\nn6nno$oqq8q>qqqrrrr2s8sssttʹ͚ʹ͚͘ʹ͚͚ʹʹʹʹʹʹU3h:[h:[6B*CJKHOJQJ]^JaJph0h:[h:[>*B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph-h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph6jh:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJU^JaJph<[4] Amnesty International, When the State Kills& , The Death Penalty: A Human Rights Issue, New York: Amnesty International, 1989, pp.259-262. [5]  Capital Punishment and Implementation of the Safeguards Guaranteering Protection of the Rights of Those Facing the Death Penalty, Report to the Secretary-General, U.N. Doc. E/2000/3. 勥bJT1uVSSvrjf[[့_Roger Hood YecdQ0'YfVE2001t^1g1ev~peW[ z g N T0NNvbJT>f:y(Wl_ N^d{kRvV[ g@bXR (WN[ N^d{kRV[vpeW[R NHNNNPN‰[@b grj^d{kRvV[75N[nfrj^d{kRvV[13(W[-N^d{kRvV[20OYu{kRvV[870 [6] *bbk2008t^1g4e NLu N g91*NV[(Wzl N^dN@b grjv{kR 11*NV[^dNnfrjv{kR 33*NV[(W[ N^dN{kR OYu{kRvV[SiR N62*N0  ыl0 [7] eY0W)R0e0pQ0*mbe0NrR0l\N+Y0]^NeQQN0 [8] N9N0Ys|<\RqQTV0lReR0id~T0epQ0(idN0^XQR\0@bW蕤\0 [9] Rb'Y0-N^qQTV0Ye^0l3N0Yt0<\e\0ȇpQaS0VtbS0V0 [10] ?9h^0o'Y)RN0]]Ye0]0[O_҉0Rg0^Xfme0Ys|<\R0(\tY0lV0QkN0_V0N(W@b gRNɋ-Nv z^Ov 0lQlCg)RT?elCg)RVElQ~ 0,{14agv8h_R/f`N`l0SMeron, Human Rights, p.96. [27] Geneva Convention of August 12, 1949 for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, (1950) 75 UNTS 31, art.3; Geneva Convention of August 12, 1949 for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, (1950) 75 UNTS 85, art.3; Geneva Convention of August 12, 1949 Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, art. 3; Geneva Convention of August 12, 1949 Relative to the Protection of Civilians, art. 3. [28] Millitary and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States), [1986] ICJ Reports 14, paras. 218, 155, 192(9). [29] 0lQlCg)RT?elCg)RVElQ~ 0,{6ag,{2>k ,{14ag,{1>k 0'k2mNCglQ~ 0,{2ag,{1>k ,{6ag 02mNCglQ~ 0,{4ag,{2>k ,{8ag 0^2mNCgTleCg[z 0 OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 rev.5, 4 EHRR 417, 21 ILM 58, art.7 0Ob4N{kRCg)RvOce 0 ESC Res. 1984/50, art.5 0Ob4N{kRCg)RvOcev[e 0 ESC Res. 1989/64; ESC Res.1996/15. [30] 0lQlCg)RT?elCg)RVElQ~ 0,{14ag,{2>k 0'k2mNCglQ~ 0,{6ag,{2>k 02mNCglQ~ 0,{8ag,{2>k 0^2mNCgTleCg[z 0,{7ag,{1>k,{2y 0Ob4N{kRCg)RvOce 0,{4ag0 Oce XRĉ[ S g(W[ccvjL9hncfnxvTNNO gvnc[ [N[l gvQNʑYO0Wv`Q N Mb[j0 [31] 0lQlCg)RT?elCg)RVElQ~ 0,{14ag,{3>k,{4y 0'k2mNCglQ~ 0,{6ag,{2>k,{3y 02mNCglQ~ 0,{8ag,{2>k,{4y 0Ob4N{kRCg)RvOce 0,{5ag 0Ob4N{kRCg)RvOcev[e 0 lY0sSQTNaYQyr+RbJTXTvbJT UN Doc, E/CN.4/1997/60,para.81. [32] 0lQlCg)RT?elCg)RVElQ~ 0,{14ag,{3>k,{2y 0'k2mNCglQ~ 0,{6ag,{2>k,{2y 02mNCglQ~ 0,{8ag,{2>k,{3y 0^2mNCgTleCg[z 0,{7ag,{1>k,{4y 0Ob4N{kRCg)RvOce 0,{5ag 0Ob4N{kRCg)RvOcev[e 00 [33] 0lQlCg)RT?elCg)RVElQ~ 0,{14ag,{3>k,{3y 0'k2mNCglQ~ 0,{6ag,{1>k 02mNCglQ~ 0,{8ag,{1>k 0^2mNCgTleCg[z 0,{7ag,{1>k,{4y 0Ob4N{kRCg)RvOce 0,{5ag0 [34] 0lQlCg)RT?elCg)RVElQ~ 0,{14ag,{1>k 0'k2mNCglQ~ 0,{6ag,{1>k 02mNCglQ~ 0,{8ag,{1>k 0^2mNCgTleCg[z 0,{7ag,{1>k,{2y 0Ob4N{kRCg)RvOce 0,{5ag0 [35] NCgNRYXTOvr^Q[:_NُNp0SOYLittle v. Jamaica (No.283/1988), UN Doc. A/47/40, p.276. [36] 0lQlCg)RT?elCg)RVElQ~ 0,{6ag,{4>k 0Ob4N{kRCg)RvOce 0,{7ag 0Ob4N{kRCg)RvOcev[e 0 ESC Res.1989/64 lY0sSQTNaYQyr+RbJTXTvbJT UN Doc, E/CN.4/1998/68,para.118. [37] OY(WRb'Y L?e['YYRN[ N^dN{kR kOv^de14t^0dkp/fRb'Y[XT(WvQTNCgNRYXTOZPgRbJTe\O:N[QN{kRn(uvNy;NObcecQv UN Doc. CCPR/C/1/Add.43. [38] 0Ob4N{kRCg)RvOcev[e 0 ESC Res.1989/64; lY0sSQTNaYQyr+RbJTXTvbJT UN Doc, E/CN.4/1996/4, para.556.  lY0sSQTNaYQyr+RbJTXTvbJT UN Doc, E/CN.4/1998/68, para.118;  lY0sSQTNaYQyr+RbJTXTvbJT UN Doc, E/CN.4/1998/68, Add.1, para.178; 01949t^8g12esQNbO_GKNeQtlQ~ 0,{101ag 01949t^8g12esQNbeObs^lKNeQtlQ~ 0,{75ag0 [39] 0Ob4N{kRCg)RvOce 0,{8ag0 [40] ESC Res. 1996/15; lY0sSQTNaYQyr+RbJTXTvbJT UN Doc, E/CN.4/1996/4,para.556. [41] ESC Res. 1996/15. [42] Soering v. United Kingdom and Germany, 7 July 1989, Series A, Vol. 161, 11 EHRR 439. [43] Pratt et al. v. Attorney General for Jamaica et al., [1993] 4 All. ER 769, [1993] 2 LRC 349, [1994] 2 AC 1, 14 HRLJ 338, 33 ILM 364 (JCPC). [44] Errol Johnson v. Jamaica (No. 588/1994), UN Doc. CCPR/C/56/D/588/1994;  Report by the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Bacre Waly Ndiaye, Submitted Pursuant to Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1993/71 , UN Doc. E/CN.4/1994/7, para 682. But see:  Situation of Human Rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Report of the Special Rapporteur , UN Doc. E/CN. 4/1998/13, para.75. [45] General Comment 6(16), U.N. Doc CCPR/C/21/Add.1, U.N. Doc A/37/40, Annex V, U.N. Doc CCPR/3/Add.1, pp.382-3(DU_5 ,{402u)Pinto v. Trinidad and Tobago (No. 232/1978), UN Doc, A/45/40, Vol. II, p.69; Reid v. Jamaica (No. 250/1987), UN Doc. A/45/40, Vol. II, p. 85, 11 HRLJ 319. gsQ6R[ 0lQlCg)RT?elCg)RVElQ~ 0vN*NevDR[fN N\ 0lQ~ 0,{14agSbN*N NSKQQvĉ[v^]cQ0UN Doc. E/CN. 4/Sub. 2/1990/34, para. 150, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub. 2/1991/29. [46] Habeas Corpus in Emergency Situation (Arts. 27(2), 25(1) and 7(6) American Convention on Human Rights), Advisory Opinion OC-9/87 of 30 January 1987, Series A, No.8, para. 36. [47] Judicial Guarantees in States of Emergency (Arts. 27(2), 25(1) and 8 American Convention on Human Rights), Advisory Opinion OC-9/87 of 6 October 1987, Series A, No.9, paras. 29-30. [48] 0lQlCg)RT?elCg)RVElQ~ 0,{6ag,{2>k,,{15ag 0'k2mNCglQ~ 0,{7ag 02mNCglQ~ 0,{9ag 0^2mNCgTleCg[z 0,{7ag,{2>k 0Ob4N{kRCg)RvOce 0,{5ag0 [49] 0lQlCg)RT?elCg)RVElQ~ 0,{4ag,{2>k 0'k2mNCglQ~ 0,{15ag,{2>k 02mNCglQ~ 0,{27ag,{2>k0 [50] 0lQlCg)RT?elCg)RVElQ~ 0,{6ag,{2>k 0Ob4N{kRCg)RvOce 0,{1ag0  Resolution Urging States to Envisage a Moratorium on the Death Penalty, 13th Activity Report of the African Commission on Human an People s Rights , OAU Doc. AHG/Dec. 153(XXXVI), Annex IV, art. 2(a). [51] 0Ob4N{kRCg)RvOce 0,{1ag0 [52] lY0sSQTNaYQyr+RbJTXTvbJT UN Doc, E/CN.4/1997/60, para.91. [53] GA Res. 32/61; CHR Res.1998/8. [54] 02mNCglQ~ 0,{4ag,{2>k0 [55] T N0 [56] 0lQlCg)RT?elCg)RVElQ~ 0,{6ag,{5>k 02mNCglQ~ 0,{4ag,{5>k 01949t^eQtlQ~sQNObVEfkňQz-Nv[Nv,{NDR[fN 0,{76ag,{3>k 01949t^eQtlQ~sQNOb^VEfkňQz-Nv[Nv,{NDR[fN 0,{6ag,{4>k0 [57]  Initial Report of Morocco , UN Doc. CCPR/C/Add.10; UN Doc. CCPR/C/SR.327, para. 8l̑ 0 [58] United States v. Rosenberg, 195F.2d 583(2nd Cir. ) cert.denied, 344 US 838 (1952).1uN Te[vQ6rkۏLNYQ 5*N?Qz-Nv2*Nb:Nd[?Q0 [59] 02mNCglQ~ 0,{4ag,{5>k0 [60] 0Ob4N{kRCg)RvOcev[e 0 ESC Res.1989/640 [61] 0?QzCg)RlQ~ 0 GA Res. 44/25, art. 37a. [62] 01949t^8g12esQNbeObs^lKNeQtlQ~ 0,{68ag,{4>k 0lQlCg)RT?elCg)RVElQ~ 0,{6ag,{5>k 0Ob4N{kRCg)RvOce 0,{3ag 0?QzCg)RlQ~ 0,{37ag,{1>k0 [63] General Comment 24(52), U.N. Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.6, (1994) 15 HRLJ 464, para.8. [64]  Initial Report of the United States , UN Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add. 50(1995), para 14. [65] Roach and Pinkerton v. United States (Case No. 9647), Resolution No. 3/87, reported in OAS Doc. OEA/Ser. L/V/II. 71 doc. 9 rev.1, p. 147, Inter-American Yearbook on Human Rights, 1987, Dordrecht/Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff, 1990, p.328, 8 HRLJ 345. [66] Anglo Norwegian Fisheries Case(United Kingdom v. Norway), [1951] ICJ Reports 116, at p.138. [67] Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law, Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1979, pp. 10-11; Anglo Norwegian Fisheries Case(United Kingdom v. Norway), [1951] ICJ Reports 116, at p.131. North Sea Continental Shelf Cases ( Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark and v. Netherlands), [1969] ICJ Reports 3, at p. 46; Neclear Tests Case (Australia v. France), [1974] ICJ Reports 253, pp.286-289. [68] Nguyen Quoc Dinh, Patrick Daillier and Allain Pellet, Droit international public, 3rd edn, Paris: Librairie generale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1987, p.302. [69] William A. Schabas,  Internaitonal Norms on Execution of the Insane and the Mentally Retarded , (1993) 4 Criminal Law Forum 95. [70] 0Ob4N{kRCg)RvOcev[e 0, TeS lY0sSQTNaYQyr+RbJTXTvbJT UN Doc, E/CN.4/1994/7, para.686 lY0sSQTNaYQyr+RbJTXTvbJT UN Doc, E/CN.4/1998/68, para.117. [71] Ng v. Canada (No. 469/1991), UN Doc. A/49/40, Vol. II, p. 189, 15 HRLJ 149. [72] Cox v. Canada (No. 539/1993), UN Doc. CCPR/C/52/D/539, (1995) 15 HRLJ 410. [73] Ocalan v. Turkey (No.46221/99), Admissibility, 14 December 2000. [74]  Concluding Obserbations, Nigeria , UN Doc CCPR/C/79/Add.16,para.16. [75] Roach and Pinkerton v. United States, para. 56:  YXTO:N (W2mV[~~bXTV-N X[(WN*NSv:_LlĉR 1\/fybkV[[?QzgbL{kR 0 TeSYXTaS/Ob(Monroy Cabra)T2mNCglbShvo0S Restrictions to the Death Penalty (Arts. 4(4) American Convention on Human Rights), Advisory Opinion OC-3/83 of 8 September 1983, Series B, No. 3, p. 218. [76] A. Verdross,  Jus Dispositivum and Jus Cogens in International Law , (1966) 60 AJIL 55. [77] W. Paul Gormley,  The Right to Life and the Rule of Non-Derogability: Peremptory Norms of Jus Gogens , in Bertrand G. Ramcharan, ed., The Right to Life in International Law, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 1985, pp.120-159;  Human Rights in Chile , UN Doc. E/CN/1983/9. [78] Nguyen, Daillier & Peller, Droit international public, p. 302. [79] Echegaray v. Secretary of Justice, (1998) 297 SCR 754 (Supreme Court, Philippines), p.811. egn:,gыeShNuy_;N 0RlN 0CSSCIN R ,{15wS l_QHr>y2008t^Hr ,{326 345u \oqrr2sst*vvvwPxFy(zJ{v{{~<N< $dP1$a$gd:[t*v2vvvv$wvw~ww xPxXxZxxFyNyPyy(z0z2zzJ{R{\{v{~{{{|n}~~ ~<DF>R NVvބ…І:X|2Fϵ3h:[h:[6B*CJKHOJQJ]^JaJph0h:[h:[>*B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph-h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJphG <DV^ (\Γ֓•ʕ&.ȘBƚΚКޝܞ>\ƟΟPX0ģ̣0h:[h:[>*B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph3h:[h:[6B*CJKHOJQJ]^JaJph-h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJphEV Γ•&ƚPģܧҩ $dP1$a$gd:[$ܧ   ҩکܩ.26>LTV̮.v~>F >DззззззззНзззззНззНННзНзННННзН3h:[h:[6B*CJKHOJQJ]^JaJph0h:[h:[>*B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph-h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph0h:[h:[B*CJH*KHOJQJ^JaJph>6Lv Nܸp»~ PR $1$a$gd:[ $dP1$a$gd:[DH ,ҷ:BNVXxܸpxzĹ.»ʻjt~ؾ (*lPRзНззНзННзНззННзНзНзНзНІ h:[h&y-h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph3h:[h:[6B*CJKHOJQJ]^JaJph0h:[h:[>*B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph-h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph0h:[h:[B*CJH*KHOJQJ^JaJph10182P. 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